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The EU's statistical arm Eurostat has published, for the first time, a report which looks at a comparison of men and women throughout their lives. Gender statistics for education, employment and retirement are brought together to provide a picture of the relative position of each in terms of income, influence and their respective roles in society. We present below the figures for university education and managerial employment.
The figures show that, women outnumber men in university enrolments. Between the ages of 18 and 21 all Member States follow this pattern with Greece and Belgium showing the highest overall rates of studenthood. The Scandinavian countries and Germany record greater higher education participation among the post-22 age groups with Finland topping the table for those in their later twenties.
Enrolment rates in tertiary education* of men and women, 1999/2000 (in %) | ||||||
|
|
18-21 YEARS |
22-24 YEARS |
25-28 YEARS | |||
Country |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|
Greece |
57 |
63 |
9 |
8 |
3 |
3 |
|
Belgium |
36 |
47 |
21 |
20 |
6 |
5 |
|
France |
30 |
40 |
22 |
25 |
5 |
7 |
|
Ireland |
30 |
30 |
12 |
12 |
4 |
5 |
|
Spain |
28 |
40 |
26 |
30 |
10 |
9 |
|
UK |
26 |
31 |
11 |
12 |
6 |
7 |
|
Netherlands |
24 |
30 |
25 |
22 |
8 |
6 |
|
Portugal |
22 |
30 |
25 |
22 |
8 |
10 |
|
Finland |
19 |
26 |
37 |
42 |
21 |
22 |
|
Sweden |
13 |
19 |
25 |
30 |
14 |
16 |
|
Italy |
12 |
17 |
19 |
27 |
12 |
14 |
|
Austria |
11 |
18 |
20 |
20 |
14 |
12 |
|
Denmark |
7 |
10 |
23 |
33 |
17 |
21 |
|
Germany |
7 |
15 |
20 |
20 |
15 |
11 |
Throughout the European Union, management positions are overwhelmingly occupied by males, according to the report. Spain and Ireland record the lowest percentage difference between men and women, but even here there are at least a third more male managers than female. In Denmark there are nearly three times as many. The only statistic which bucks this trend is that for small businesses in Belgium in which women outnumber men.
Men and women employed in managerial positions, 2000 (in %) | ||||
|
|
ALL COMPANIES |
SMALL COMPANIES | ||
|
Country |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|
EU15 |
10.1 |
5.7 |
3.5 |
2.4 |
|
Austria |
9.7 |
5.4 |
4.1 |
2.5 |
|
Belgium |
11.8 |
7.6 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
|
Denmark |
10.3 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
1.7 |
|
Finland |
13.0 |
5.0 |
4.4 |
1.6 |
|
France |
10.6 |
6.0 |
3.8 |
2.7 |
|
Germany |
6.4 |
3.0 |
2.1 |
1.6 |
|
Greece |
12.1 |
6.8 |
10.3 |
6.1 |
|
Ireland |
12.6 |
9.6 |
9.1 |
5.6 |
|
Italy |
3.7 |
1.3 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
Luxembourg |
7.5 |
4.3 |
5.5 |
3.3 |
|
Netherlands |
16.1 |
7.3 |
6.9 |
4.0 |
|
Portugal |
8.2 |
4.6 |
6.5 |
4.0 |
|
Spain |
9.1 |
6.8 |
6.2 |
6.0 |
|
Sweden |
6.2 |
2.8 |
2.2 |
1.3 |
|
UK |
18.4 |
11.0 |
3.2 |
1.9 |
|
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